Acupuncture Modulation of the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis in Major Depressive Disorder: Integrative Mechanisms, Emerging Evidence, and Future Therapeutic Perspectives
Abstract Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a prevalent and disabling psychiatric condition. Its pathophysiology extends beyond monoamine deficiency to encompass systemic dysregulation of the gut-brain axis—a bidirectional network integrating neural, immune, endocrine, and microbial signals. Accumulating evidence indic...