Linker-optimized bivalent nanobodies combined with photothermal gold liposome nanocomposites for enhanced dual-mode lateral flow immunoassay.
Lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) has been widely used for rapid on-site analysis because of its simplicity, portability, and low cost. However, its performance in competitive assays, particularly for small molecule toxins, remains limited, as the properties of antibodies and the reliance on single-mode signal often lead...