Edge Addition Planarity Suite and Generalized Graph Library
A graph is a mathematical structure comprising a set 𝑉 of vertices and a set 𝐸 of edges, with each edge 𝑒 corresponding to a pair of vertices called the endpoints of 𝑒 . A graph is planar if its vertices can be placed in distinct locations on a plane surface and its edges can be drawn on the plane without the edges intersecting, except at their common vertex endpoints. For a planar graph, a planarity algorithm typically outputs a combinatorial data structure that validation code can use to certify the planarity of the input graph. A planar graph drawing is typically produced by a separate algorithm. On the other hand, if an input graph is not planar, then a planarity algorithm typically outputs a minimal subgraph of the input graph that obstructs planarity. Validation code can use a minimal planarity-obstructing subgraph to certify the non-planarity of an input graph. Moreover, a minimal subgraph obstructing planarity can be used to help decide how to amend an input graph to planarize it. Graphs are used to model a very wide array of real-world problems in which there are objects and relationships between the objects. In artificial intelligence, graphs are used to help with reasoning tasks, such as about the relationship pathways between persons of interest in law enforcement or between genes, tissues, diseases, and medications in bioinformatics research. In physics, graphs and planarity are used to help compute material phase transitions, particle interactions, and electromagnetic duality. Similarly, in chemistry, graphs may be used to represent atoms and their valence bonds in molecules. Planarity testing can help determine feasible molecular arrangements because the molecular graphs for