A TWO-LEVEL MULTI-OBJECTIVE MODEL AND SIMULATED ANNEALING METAHEURISTIC FOR COST, CO2 EMISSION, AND CUSTOMER SATISFACTION OPTIMIZATION IN LAST-MILE DELIVERY
ABSTRACT Last-mile delivery-the final and most critical stage of fulfilling customer orders-is typically the most costly and time-consuming component of the distribution process. Optimizing this stage is therefore essential for improving the overall efficiency and sustainability of logistics operations. This study begi...