Myokines as molecular mediators of the muscle-brain axis: Mechanisms linking sarcopenia to cognitive decline and implications for preventive strategies in ageing - A narrative review.
Convergent preclinical and emerging human evidence supports the PGC-1α/FNDC5/BDNF pathway as a central mediator of exercise-induced neuroprotection, while chronic IL-6 elevation and IGF-1 decline emerge as bidirectional drivers of muscle and brain ageing.