Open access
Jul 2026
Adaptive primal–dual Q-learning for electric vehicle route optimization on real-world charging networks
A novel Dual Q–Adaptive Weighting model that balances reward and cost through a primal–dual learning mechanism is proposed and achieves the highest route accuracy of 78.66%, outperforming Double Q-Learning, Q-Learning, and traditional A* and Dijkstra algorithms.
Sarvesh Kumar, Rayappa David Amar Raj, Archana Pallakonda et al.
· Scientific Reports · 0 citations