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Kai-Rong Luo

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Preprint Aug 2026

Puro-2B: Poor Lab's Qwen2-1.5B Trained on RTX 5090 within $5090

Language model pretraining has become almost synonymous with prohibitive cost, placing it out of reach for much of the academic and open-source communities. Although strong open-source efforts already exist, including open-weight models and open-source training recipes, a cost-efficient, hardware-accessible, and open-s...

Kai-Rong Luo, Jia-Rui Cui, Yao-Rui Yin et al. · 0 citations
#natural language process... Preprint Aug 2026

Puro-2B: Poor Lab's Qwen2-1.5B Trained on RTX 5090 within $5090

This report presents an open pretraining recipe that trains a collection of Puro-2B models from scratch on up to 1.4 trillion tokens with FP8 precision on consumer-grade RTX 5090 GPUs, and derives a Puro Cost Scaling Law that relates training cost to average model performance.

Kairong Luo, Jia-Rui Cui, Yao-Rui Yin et al. · 0 citations
Conference Open access 2026

RoBSA: RoPE-based Blockwise Sparse Multi-head Latent Attention

This paper introduces RoPE-based Block-wise Sparse Attention (RoBSA), a method designed specifically for MLA during the decoding stage of model inference that significantly reduces end-to-end inference latency in the decoding stage by up to 2 .

Xinyu Shi, Kairong Luo, Zhen Zheng et al. · 0 citations

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