Kai-Yue Zhu

Freeze–Thaw Effects on Baffle Friction in Ice–Rock Avalanche Mitigation: Experiments and Numerical Simulations

Rock–ice avalanches and repeated freeze–thaw cycles pose coupled challenges to baffle-type mitigation structures in high-altitude cold regions. This study used controlled small-scale pull-out tests to quantify changes in baffle–soil friction over 0–30 freeze–thaw cycles and then calibrated a discrete element method (DE...