Immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and immunotherapy resistance of esophageal carcinoma
Esophageal carcinoma (EC) remains one of the most lethal malignancies, with a five-year survival rate of only 15-25% in advanced stages. Although immunotherapy including immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and antibody-based therapies have improved clinical outcomes, durable responses are confined to a minority of pati...