A 13-subunit c-ring in the Chlamydomonas chloroplast ATP synthase lowers the H⁺/ATP cost of carbon fixation
The chloroplast F1Fo ATP synthase is a rotary motor that converts the light-driven proton-motive force into the chemical energy of ATP. The number of c-subunits in its rotor fixes the number of protons translocated per ATP formed, a fundamental parameter of bioenergetic systems. The reference spinach enzyme possesses f...