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Kayhan Zrar Ghafoor

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Open access Jul 2026

Deep Q learning algorithm for detecting DDoS attacks on IoT devices

A deep Q-learning (DQL) framework that integrates K-means clustering directly into the RL action space, enabling adaptive state representation and improved generalization to unseen traffic patterns is proposed.

Lana Kamla Ahmed, Kayhan Zrar Ghafoor · 0 citations