Bioadhesive hydrogels as immunomodulatory interfaces for chronic wound healing: from microenvironmental regulation mechanism to engineering strategies
This Review presents bioadhesive hydrogels as immunomodulatory interfaces rather than simple wound coverings and systematically examine their mechanisms of action, including the reduction of microbial and inflammatory stimuli; modulation of macrophage polarization; regulation of NF-κB-, NLRP3-, and STAT-associated sign...