Translation direction and word familiarity in word translation: an fNIRS study of intermediate Japanese learners of English
Introduction Many studies have examined the neural bases of word translation based on the revised hierarchical model (RHM). However, the findings reported thus far, mostly focusing on advanced or elementary second-language (L2) learners, have been diverse and often inconsistent. Thus, to explore possible neural bases for translation asymmetry, there is a distinct need to examine word translations by intermediate L2 learners. Methods We examined differences in cortical activation patterns during L1 (first language)-to-L2 and L2-to-L1word translation for high and low word familiarity in intermediate-level Japanese learners of English. TOEIC scores were used to confirm intermediate English proficiency, and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) was used to examine cortical activation patterns during word translation. Data from 36 participants were used for analyses. Results Greater activation was observed in the frontopolar area, the pars triangularis of Broca’s area, and the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex for low-familiarity words regardless of translation direction. Discussion These findings provide no clear evidence of translation asymmetry in intermediate L2 learners but suggest the possible involvement of concept mediation in both translation directions.