Review
Open access
Aug 2026
Advances in biomarker discovery for canine cognitive dysfunction: a comprehensive structured narrative review and future perspectives
Overall, the CCD biomarker landscape supports a multimodal approach integrating Aβ dysregulation, axonal injury, and glial activation, which will strengthen the translational value of CCD as a model for human dementia, accelerating discovery and therapeutic development across species.
Klysse Assumpção Barbosa, Heloísa Máximo Ribeiro, L. Benevenuto et al.
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