Metabolic Dysregulation and Oxidative Stress in Diabetic Retinopathy: Glycogen Metabolism, Mitochondrial Dysfunction, and Antioxidant Defences
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a major cause of preventable visual impairment and develops through intertwined metabolic, oxidative, inflammatory, and neurovascular disturbances. This review examines how chronic hyperglycaemia disrupts retinal glucose handling and redox homeostasis, with particular emphasis on glycogen m...