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L. M. Kareem

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Open access Aug 2026

Effect of Surface Treatment on the Bond Strength of Fixed Lingual Retainer Wires

Bond failure at the wire–composite interface remains the most frequent mode of fixed lingual retainer breakdown. The influence of wire surface treatment on adhesion across different alloys and intraoral aging conditions is incompletely characterized. This study evaluated the effect of sandblasting, MDP-containing metal...

Bareq Basheer Khazal, L. M. Kareem · 0 citations

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