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#artificial intelligence Preprint Sep 2026

K-Bench: a clinically calibrated benchmark for evaluating large language models in high-risk mental health conversations

People increasingly use large language models (LLMs) for mental health support, yet their safety in evolving, high-risk conversations remains poorly characterised. We developed K-Bench, a clinician-calibrated, protected benchmark evaluating 125 model configurations representing 33 base models from 14 providers across a...

L. Vowels, M. Vowels, Shivali Sharma et al. · 0 citations
Book Open access Aug 2026

Quantifying the Relationship Between Clinical Safety and Environmental Impact in Therapeutic LLMs

This paper examines the relationship between clinical safety scores and EcoLogits life-cycle assessment estimates across 47 supported model configurations and suggests that relying solely on larger models or additional inference-time computation may be an inefficient strategy for improving safety in therapeutic AI syst...

Alireza A. Safaei, L. Vowels, M. Vowels et al. · 0 citations

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