Multi-Source Operational Feature-Driven Cutterhead Torque Prediction in Shield Tunnelling Using an IALA-Optimized Fuzzy Ensemble Deep RVFL Model
Cutterhead driving torque is the primary load indicator of earth-pressure-balance shield machines, yet its dependence on strongly coupled multi-source operating parameters limits the reliability of empirical formulations. This study proposes IALA-edRVFL-FIS-Reg, a fuzzy ensemble deep random vector functional link regre...