Urea-NaHCO3 co-activated biochar enhances biohydrogen production via microbial community restructuring and metabolic pathway redirection.
Biochar enhances dark fermentative biohydrogen production (BHP), yet conventional biochar is limited by low porosity and few active sites. While nitrogen doping and chemical activation can individually upgrade biochar, the synergistic effect of urea doping combined with sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) activation, and its c...