Spatial-Bioenergetic-Immune Axis in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus-Associated Sarcopenia: A Review from Pathogenesis to Targeted Reconstruction
This review describes T2DM pathogenesis through a novel spatial-bioenergetic-immune axis, stratifying disease progression across three hierarchical levels, and advocates for a transition toward precision clinical management of T2DM-associated sarcopenia, aimed at arresting skeletal muscle degeneration and preserving ph...