Clinical applications of 4D flow magnetic resonance imaging in hepatic vascular disorders: practical biomarkers, protocol design, and translational implementation
Four-dimensional flow magnetic resonance imaging (4D flow MRI) is a time-resolved three-dimensional phase-contrast MRI method with three-directional velocity encoding (VENC) that provides volumetric flow and multidirectional velocity data across the cardiac cycle, and it allows flexible retrospective plane placement an...