A Stacking‐Based Hybrid Machine Learning Framework for Detecting Cost‐of‐Sales Manipulation in Data‐Constrained Financial Statements
Detecting financial statement fraud in emerging markets is difficult due to scarce labeled data and severe class imbalance. This study develops a stacking‐based hybrid machine learning framework for detecting cost‐of‐sales manipulation in firms listed in Türkiye. Rather than proposing a general fraud/non‐fraud detect...