Open access
Jul 2026
The role of second-order punishers and non-participants in the evolution of altruism through punishment
The evolution of cooperation depends critically on the possibility of voluntary non-participation as a strategy, allowing agents to survive while opting out of the public goods game altogether, as well as the presence of strong second-order punishment, where all first-order punishers are also second-order punishers.
Sarah Erskine, M. Dyble
· Royal Society Open Science · 0 citations