ABSTRACT Endophytic fungi represent a prolific and chemically diverse source of novel specialized metabolites with significant pharmacological potential. This systematic review examines 118 studies published between 2024 and 2025, reporting the discovery of 242 previously uncharacterized bioactive compounds. These metabolites belong to several major chemical classes, including peptides (4), terpenoids and steroids (58), alkaloids and other nitrogen‐containing compounds (51), polyketides (85), lactones (22), ketones (5), chromone compounds (3), and others (9). The genera Aspergillus (28), Penicillium (21), Diaporthe (7), Talaromyces (10), and Trichoderma (6) were identified as the most productive sources. The investigated endophytic fungi were isolated from a wide range of plant hosts and ecological niches, reflecting the extensive biodiversity of endophytic communities. Biological screening demonstrated that a substantial proportion of the tested compounds exhibited diverse bioactivities, including anti‐inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, antimicroalgal, and cytotoxic effects. Collectively, the remarkable structural diversity and broad biological profiles of metabolites derived from endophytic fungi highlight their strong potential as promising lead scaffolds for future pharmaceutical development.
D. Murodullayev, Jakhongir Movlanov, Liu Wei et al.· Chemistry and Biodiversity· 0 citations
Gastric cancer (GC) remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality, with chemoresistance posing a critical barrier to effective treatment. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), particularly the immunosuppressive M2-polarized subset, are emerging as pivotal mediators of chemoresistance within the tumor microenvironment (TME). TAMs promote resistance through multifaceted mechanisms, including activation of pro-survival signaling pathways, induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and enhancement of angiogenesis. For instance, M2-like TAMs secrete CXCL5, which activates the PI3K/AKT/mTOR axis in GC cells, thereby conferring resistance to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Similarly, TMEM, a transmembrane protein overexpressed in cisplatin-resistant GC, drives M2 polarization of TAMs via the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, further amplifying drug resistance and tumor progression. Clinical studies reveal that high TAM infiltration correlates with poor chemotherapy response and reduced survival in GC patients. This review synthesizes current evidence on TAM-driven chemoresistance in GC, highlighting the molecular interplay between TAMs, tumor cells, and stromal components. It underscores the potential of TAM-centric therapies-including checkpoint inhibitors, epigenetic modulators, and combination regimens-to overcome resistance and improve clinical outcomes. By integrating preclinical insights and clinical data, this work provides a roadmap for developing precision therapies that exploit TAM biology to enhance chemosensitivity in GC.
S. Abdul-Rahman, Abdulkareem Shareef, S. Jyothi et al.· Cell Biology International· 0 citations
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