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M. Imran

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Open access Aug 2026

Nafsanalysis: The Problem of Refinement in Sufi Ethics

The nafs is the spirit in its ordeal of embodiment. It is the veil through which separation from God becomes the condition of relation to Him. Drawing on two years of ethnographic fieldwork among practitioners of the Naqshbandia Awaisia Sufi order in Pakistan, this article approaches the nafs as the site of enj...

M. Imran · 0 citations

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