Stress signaling and physiological modulation by glycine betaine for cadmium-resilient maize.
Glycine betaine (GB), a naturally occurring osmoprotectant, stabilizes proteins, membranes, and osmotic balance under abiotic stress. It effectively mitigates oxidative damage and maintains redox homeostasis, making it a promising candidate for cadmium (Cd) tolerance. Cd toxicity is a major constraint to sustainable ag...