Thermo–hydro–mechanical modeling of a TBM tunnel in Opalinus Clay: Thermal coupling effects on long-term lining pressures and excavation damage zone development
Tunnels in argillaceous formations such as Opalinus Clay (OPA) develop a coupled thermal, hydraulic, and mechanical response. This study examines the New Belchen Tunnel (STB), excavated by tunnel boring machine through faulted OPA shale. Field measurements show a strong relation between lining temperature and radial pr...