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Mahadev Devkota

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Open access Aug 2026

AI as learning scaffold or crutch? Secondary students’ experiences in english language learning through Vygotsky’s ZPD lens

This study examines how secondary students in semi-urban Nepal perceive AI tools through the lens of Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD), asking whether AI functions as a scaffold that enhances linguistic competence or a crutch that erodes autonomy.

Mahadev Devkota, Nabaraj Neupane · 0 citations

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