2D Versus 3D Laparoscopy in Partial Nephrectomy: A Concurrent, Equipment-Allocated Three-Centre Comparison of Precision and Outcomes
Background: Warm ischaemia time is the main modifiable determinant of early renal functional loss after partial nephrectomy, and it is governed largely by the speed of intracorporeal suturing. Three-dimensional (3D) laparoscopy restores binocular depth cues and might shorten the reconstructive phase. Earlier comparison...