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Author

Malik Ayyad

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Open access Oct 2026

2D Versus 3D Laparoscopy in Partial Nephrectomy: A Concurrent, Equipment-Allocated Three-Centre Comparison of Precision and Outcomes

Background: Warm ischaemia time is the main modifiable determinant of early renal functional loss after partial nephrectomy, and it is governed largely by the speed of intracorporeal suturing. Three-dimensional (3D) laparoscopy restores binocular depth cues and might shorten the reconstructive phase. Earlier comparison...

S. Al-Rawashdah, Malik Ayyad · 0 citations

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