Maria Nenova

Backward-Compatible Hybrid Post-Quantum Qualified Electronic Signatures: Embedding ML-DSA-65 in PAdES for eIDAS

Qualified electronic signatures (QES) under eIDAS rely almost exclusively on classical elliptic-curve or RSA algorithms, which a cryptographically relevant quantum computer (CRQC) would break, exposing signed documents to harvest-now-forge-later attacks, yet operators cannot abandon the algorithms that confer legal val...