Review
Open access
Aug 2026
Ultra-Processed Food-Rich Dietary Proxies, Dietary-Pattern Context, and Cardiometabolic Outcomes in Spain: Weighted Evidence Consistent with Age Confounding and Possible Reverse-Causality Bias from the 2023 Spanish Health Survey
Fast food emerged as the most consistent adverse dietary marker co-occurring across all prevalent outcomes, whereas processed meat was specifically associated with prevalent excess weight and obesity rather than prevalent cardiometabolic diagnoses.
Natividad Cuadrado-Corrales, J. J. Zamorano-León, D. Carabantes-Alarcón et al.
· Nutrients · 1 citation