Characterization of traffic-related particulate matter in an urban tunnel: Source apportionment of exhaust and non-exhaust particle number-size distribution emissions.
Emissions from urban traffic are the primary sources of particulate matter in metropolitan areas, contributing to environmental and human health issues. To identify sources and evaluate emission factors for PM2.5 and PM10 from vehicles, tunnel measurements were conducted in two seasons at the Niayesh Tunnel in Tehran....