Review
Open access
Oct 2026
Beta Cell Stress to Epitope Diversification: Post‐Translationally Modified Antigens in Type 1 Diabetes
ABSTRACT Pancreatic beta cells are active participants in the loss of immune tolerance because their high secretory demand creates exceptional vulnerability to inflammatory exposure, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, calcium dysregulation, and redox imbalance. These conditions can promote enzymatic and nonenzymatic ch...
Megan L. Proffer, Saptarshi Roy, Jon D. Piganelli
· Immunological Reviews · 0 citations