Development of a PapG–AcmA surface-associated antigen on Lactobacillus reuteri as a vaccine strategy against uropathogenic Escherichia coli
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are highly prevalent across diverse populations, with uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) recognized as the leading cause, responsible for more than 85% of cystitis and acute pyelonephritis cases. Because bacterial attachment to the uroepithelium is the critical initial step in coloniz...