Machine learning-assisted prediction of polymer flooding performance in heterogeneous carbonate reservoirs of the Pre-Caspian Basin: a gradient boosting and physics-informed approach
Background: Polymer flooding remains one of the most technically viable enhanced oil recovery methods for mature fields in Kazakhstan’s Pre-Caspian Basin. Predicting its sweep efficiency in heterogeneous carbonate reservoirs is challenging due to complex pore-throat geometry, high-salinity formation waters, and pronoun...