A Low-Cost Lidar Based IoT System for Real-Time Remote Groundwater Level Monitoring: Design, Validation and Field Deployment
Groundwater level monitoring is essential for sustainable water management, yet many developing regions lack affordable real-time infrastructure. This study presents the design, construction, and field validation of a low-cost, non-contact groundwater monitoring device integrating a Lidar-Lite v3HP time-of-flight senso...