Michalina Grudzińska

The Psychobiotics in Depression and Anxiety: Efficacy, Mechanisms, and the Underestimated Risk of Antibiotic Resistance

Background. Depression and anxiety are highly prevalent, and up to one-third of depressed patients fail to achieve remission despite standard pharmacotherapy. This gap has prompted interest in the gut microbiome, via the gut - brain axis, as an adjunctive target. Psychobiotics - probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and...