Conductive and Thermoresponsive Poly( N -isopropylacrylamide)-Based Hydrogels with Improved Deformation Characteristics for Self-Sensing Soft Actuators
An intelligent multi-stimulus-responsive bilayer hydrogel actuator with self-sensing performance is desirable for advanced soft robotics, but integrating fast actuation, tunable bidirectional deformation, and real-time sensing remains challenging. Herein, an asymmetric bilayer hydrogel actuator is fabricated by a sim...