Review
Open access
Aug 2026
Multicellular immunosuppressive networks in microsatellite-stable colorectal cancer: CD8+ T cell exclusion, dysfunction, exhaustion, and therapeutic implications
Microsatellite-stable (MSS) colorectal cancer (CRC), comprising ~85–90% of cases, remains almost universally refractory to PD-1/PD-L1 monotherapy (objective response rate 5–10%), in stark contrast to the marked efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in microsatellite-instability-high (MSI-H) disease. Here we s...
Zhi-Yuan Xia, Hai-Ning Chen, Ye-Fu Shen et al.
· Frontiers in Immunology · 0 citations