Oil Price Shocks, Fiscal Asymmetry, and Digital Governance in MENA Economies: A Panel VAR Analysis
The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between oil-price shocks, fiscal dynamics, and digital-governance readiness in twelve MENA economies over 2013–2024 using a first-difference Panel Vector Autoregressive (PVAR) model. The first-difference specification is adopted following the absence of evidence...