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Motrih Al-Mutiry

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Open access 2026

Biochar-Loaded Purpureocillium lilacinum Formulation Enhances Soil Water Retention, Drought Tolerance, and Essential Oil Productivity of Spearmint (Mentha spicata L.)

: Water deficit severely constrains the productivity and essential oil yield of medicinal and aromatic crops grown in sandy soils. This study assessed whether a biochar-loaded Purpureocillium lilacinum formulation could improve soil properties, drought tolerance, growth, mineral nutrition, soil biological activity, and essential oil production of spearmint ( Mentha spicata L.) under full and deficit irrigation. A two-season field experiment was conducted in 2024 and 2025 using a split-plot design arranged in a randomized complete block with three replicates. Irrigation regimes, including 100% and 75% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc), were assigned to main plots, whereas bioformulation treatments, including untreated control, biochar alone, free P. lilacinum , and biochar-loaded P. lilacinum , were assigned to subplots. The formulation maintained high viability during storage, with fungal counts declining from 8.30 × 10 7 to 5.10 × 10 7 colony-forming units (CFU) g − 1 after 60 days, while pH and electrical conductivity remained relatively stable. Deficit irrigation reduced soil organic matter, water-holding capacity, available macronutrients, plant growth, chlorophyll content, relative water content, leaf nutrient concentrations, essential oil yield, and dehydrogenase activity, while increasing proline accumulation. Conversely, bioformulation treatments improved most measured traits, with biochar-loaded P. lilacinum producing the strongest response. This treatment enhanced soil water retention and nutrient availability, reduced bulk density, improved biomass accumulation and physiological status, and maintained high essential oil yield under both irrigation regimes. Overall, biochar-loaded P. lilacinum represents a promising bioformulation for improving spearmint productivity, drought resilience, soil biological activity, and essential oil performance in sandy soils under deficit irrigation

Doaa Mousa Khalifa, Motrih Al-Mutiry, W. Shehata et al. · Phyton · 0 citations

Review Open access Aug 2026

Toward climate-resilient coastal watersheds in the eastern Mediterranean: a GIS-based AHP approach for soil erosion susceptibility mapping: a case study of the Ghamqa River Basin

Despite increasing climate variability and anthropogenic pressures in the eastern Mediterranean, integrated approaches for assessing soil erosion susceptibility remain limited. This study evaluates soil erosion susceptibility in the Ghamqa River Basin, western Syria, a climate-sensitive coastal watershed. Ten conditioning factors were selected based on regional characteristics, literature review, field observations, and expert knowledge. Thematic raster layers were standardized, weighted through expert pairwise comparisons, and integrated to delineate erosion susceptibility zones. Model performance was evaluated using Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (AUC–ROC). The results identified slope as the dominant conditioning factor (weight = 0.218), followed by soil texture (0.195), rainfall (0.155), and land use/land cover (0.122). Approximately 35% of the basin was classified as high to very high susceptibility, while nearly 50% fell within moderate to high susceptibility classes. The AHP-based model achieved an AUC of 0.867, indicating very good performance. These findings highlight the combined influence of topographic, climatic, soil, and land-use factors on erosion processes and identify priority areas for soil conservation. By supporting measures such as slope stabilization, vegetation restoration, and sustainable land-use planning, the proposed GIS-based AHP framework contributes to climate-resilient watershed management and strengthens decision-making for reducing land degradation in Mediterranean coastal environments.

H. Abdo, Bilel Zerouali, Meshel Q. Alkahtani et al. · Journal of Water and Climate... · 0 citations