Author

Muhammad Mughni

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Review Open access Jul 2026

Evaluating the informational accuracy of large language models in patient‑directed orthodontic retainer guidance: a cross‑sectional comparison of Chat GPT‑4.1, Gemini 2.5, Microsoft Copilot GPT-4.1 and DeepSeek‑V3.

Findings suggest that AI models such as ChatGPT and Gemini can generate patient‑directed orthodontic retainer information with high informational accuracy under controlled evaluation conditions, however, specialist oversight remains essential to ensure clinical applicability.

Muhammad Mughni, M. Ilyas, Syed Ali Naqi Gilani et al. · BMC Oral Health · 0 citations

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Muhammad Mughni

Evaluating the informational accuracy of large language models in patient‑directed orthodontic retainer guidance: a cross‑sectional comparison of Chat GPT‑4.1, Gemini 2.5, Microsoft Copilot GPT-4.1 and DeepSeek‑V3.

Evaluating the informational accuracy of large language models in patient‑directed orthodontic retainer guidance: a cross‑sectional comparison of Chat GPT‑4.1, Gemini 2.5, Microsoft Copilot GPT-4.1 and DeepSeek‑V3.