Dynamic connectedness, spillovers and hedging effectiveness among Islamic, green, derivative and meme tokens and thematic ETFs during global crises
This study aims to examine the transmission of return and volatility shocks between niche digital tokens and thematic Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs) during concurrent global crises over 2022–2025. It focuses on Islamic gold-backed tokens, derivative tokens, green energy tokens and meme tokens, alongside Shariah ETFs,...