Review
Open access
Aug 2026
Objective technical skills assessment in laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a systematic review of manual, kinematic, and AI-based tools
Technical errors during surgery are a major contributor to preventable adverse outcomes, driving demand for objective assessment tools. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is a commonly performed procedure with a clearly defined set of procedure-related complications, making it an ideal candidate for targeted assessment....
E. Mainwaring, Nadia Guidozzi, Jonnie P. James et al.
· Surgical Endoscopy · 0 citations