Multiscale ENSO–IOD–MJO Interactions Modulating Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall Variability
The Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall (ISMR) is strongly influenced by large-scale climate variability associated with the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), and the Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO). While the individual influences of these climate modes on the monsoon are well established,...