Sea State, Trim, and Specific Fuel Consumption in Short Sea Shipping: An Empirical Analysis Using Operational Voyage Data
Trim optimization is widely promoted as a low-cost lever for reducing ship fuel consumption, yet most estimates of its benefit come from calm-water simulations or empirical models, leaving open whether the effect survives where sea state, wind and speed vary jointly with trim. This study analyzes 139 voyages of a Ro-Ro...