Author

Nikki L. B. Freeman

2 papers indexed here

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Open access Aug 2026

Event-Driven Intensification and Persistent Therapeutic Inertia in LDL-C Management Among 1,033,703 Patients With ASCVD

Background Long-term control of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is key to reducing the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), yet most large-scale evaluations have been cross-sectional. Objectives This study aimed to characterize the long-term trends in LDL-C among patients with ASCVD and t...

S. Shoji, P. Shrader, Nikki L. B. Freeman et al. · JACC: Advances · 0 citations

Preprint Jul 2026

The Fidelity and Feedback Traps: The Case for Health Digital Twins as Modular Evolving Causal Systems

It is argued that health digital twins should be conceived as causally valid, modular, and evolving systems, and concluded that the standard for a health twin should be how well it supports decisions in the world it helps create, not how faithfully it reproduces the world it observes.

Nikki L. B. Freeman, Yating Zou, Kyungbok Lee et al. · 0 citations