Nikolaos S. Giakoumakis

Scalable 4D biofabrication process for the manufacture of scaffold-free bone-forming callus implants.

Critical-size long bone defects remain a major clinical challenge, with treatments such as autografts or distraction osteogenesis causing donor-site morbidity, infection, or failure to restore complex bone architecture. Tissue-engineered implants that recapitulate native fracture healing provide a promising solution. H...