The Causality Relationship Among Global Competitiveness, GDP Per Capita, and Exchange Rate Volatility in BRICS+ Countries, 2012–2024
This study examines the long-run relationship and short-run causality among global competitiveness, proxied by the Global Innovation Index (GII), GDP per capita (PPP), and real effective exchange rate volatility (REER_VOL) in nine BRICS+ countries over the period 2012–2024. The study is motivated by mixed empirical evi...