Algorithmic Fairness as a Risk-Management Problem in Banking and Insurance: Regulatory Frameworks, Model Governance, and Fairness-Aware Credit Scoring
AI-driven credit scoring is supervised as a high-risk application in banking and insurance, yet unfairness is rarely operationalized as a measurable category of model, conduct, legal, and reputational risk. Using 20,000 anonymized applications from a Southern European digital lender (15.2% twelve-month default rate), w...